南疆地区猪链球菌流行病学调查

为了解猪链球菌在新疆南疆地区正常猪群中的流行情况,对库尔勒地区、阿克苏地区、喀什地区无菌采集的286头份健康屠宰猪的扁桃体进行猪链球菌种的鉴定;采用猪链球菌谷氨酸脱氢酶（gdh）基因设计引物,建立PCR方法。结果表明,南疆地区猪链球菌的携带率达到了17．13％;对携带猪链球菌的扁桃体进行细菌的分离鉴定,荻得47株猪源性链球菌;采用多重PCR对分离的47株猪链球菌进行主要致病血清学的检测,未见主要致病血清型。     

圈养大熊猫蠕虫病感染情况调查

为了解圈养大熊猫蠕虫病感染情况,采用饱和硫酸镁离心漂浮法对从四川地区采集的210份圈养大熊猫粪便样品进行了蠕虫虫卵的检测,结果只检出了西氏贝蛔虫(Baylisascaris schroederi)虫卵,粪样蛔虫卵阳性率为25.71%(54/210)。在不同饲养单位以及不同月份,大熊猫西氏贝蛔虫的感染率存在显著差异(P0.05),但不同年龄和性别的大熊猫西氏贝蛔虫感染率差异不显著(P0.05)。     

新疆阿勒泰地区绵羊弓形虫病的血清学调查

为了解新疆阿勒泰地区绵羊弓形虫病的感染情况以及感染弓形虫病与绵羊流产的关系,对阿勒泰地区6县1市的绵羊随机采集血清共565份,采用间接血凝试验进行了弓形虫感染的血清学检测。结果显示,阿勒泰地区各县(市)绵羊均有弓形虫感染,感染率高低不一,平均感染率为6.5%;在有流产史的绵羊中发现存在布鲁菌和弓形虫双重感染的情况,提示在预防和治疗绵羊流产时,除了要考虑布鲁菌感染的因素以外,还应考虑弓形虫感染这一因素。     

Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture

Many wildlife species cause extensive damage to a variety of agricultural commodities in California, with estimates of damage in the hundreds of millions annually. Given the limited availability of resources to solve all human–wildlife conflicts, we should focus management efforts on issues that provide the greatest benefit to agricultural commodities in California. This survey provides quantitative data on research needs to better guide future efforts in developing more effective, practical and appropriate methods for managing these species. We found that ground squirrels, pocket gophers, birds, wild pigs, coyotes and voles were the most common agricultural wildlife pest species in California. The damage caused by these species could be quite high, but varied by agricultural commodity. For most species, common forms of damage included loss of crop production and direct death of the plant, although livestock depredation was the greatest concern for coyotes. Control methods used most frequently and those deemed most effective varied by pest species, although greater advancements in control methods were listed as a top research priority for all species. Collectively, the use of toxicants, biocontrol and trapping were the most preferred methods for control, but this varied by species. In general, integrated pest management practices were used to control wildlife pests, with a special preference for those approaches that were efficacious and quick and inexpensive to apply. This information and survey design should be useful in establishing research and management priorities for wildlife pest species in California and other similar regions.     

A rapid immunoperoxidase-based virus neutralization assay for salmonid alphavirus used for a serological survey in Northern Ireland

A modified virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to replace an existing assay read on the presence or absence of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). The modified assay used a monoclonal antibody to salmon pancreas disease virus as the first layer of an immunoperoxidase (IPX)-based immunostaining technique to detect viral growth. The IPX-based VN assay required only 3 days to perform, and the adoption of a 96-well microtitre format facilitated a high throughput of samples requiring small volumes of serum, cells and virus. When 352 sera from farmed salmon and 302 sera from farmed trout were tested by both the modified and the original CPE-based assays, overall correlations of 97.72 and 96.03% were, respectively, obtained (96.94% combined). When the modified assay was used to test 188 sera collected from wild salmonids in freshwater river systems in Northern Ireland, no positive results were recorded.     

Sea lice treatments, management practices and sea lice sampling methods on Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada

Proper monitoring of all stages of sea lice is imperative to ensure the strategic timing of treatments. Although sea lice receive close attention and management for production purposes, there are no regulations for the reporting of lice burdens on salmon farms in Atlantic Canada, nor are there officially standardized protocols for conducting sea lice counts in the field. The purpose of this study was to complete a survey of Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada. The survey addressed many aspects of sea lice monitoring and control, including methods for sea lice sampling at the site, types of treatments administered for control of sea lice and management practices and decisions regarding the control of sea lice. A total of 83 surveys were completed from July to December 2002. Twelve of the 60 respondents owned and/or operated more than one site and completed a survey for each of their sites at the time of the interview. The position of individuals surveyed included 48 site managers (representing 63 sites), three site owners (representing 11 sites), eight individuals who were both owner and manager (representing nine sites) and one site veterinarian (representing one site). Surveys were completed on 30 sites from the Limekiln Bay and surrounding areas, 23 sites from Grand Manan Island, 18 sites from Deer Island, six sites from Campobello Island and six sites from Passamaquoddy Bay. Fish farmers, in concert with their veterinarians, generally perform intensive monitoring and control practices. However, there is a continued reliance on emamectin benzoate (SLICE^®) for sea lice control on Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, which raises concerns regarding the potential for sea lice to develop resistance to the drug.     

An investigation of avoidance by Antarctic krill of RRS James Clark Ross using the Autosub-2 autonomous underwater vehicle

The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub-2 was deployed on eight missions ahead of RRS James Clark Ross in the northern Weddell Sea and in the Bransfield Strait, Southern Ocean, to assess avoidance of the research vessel by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. The AUV was equipped with the same type of scientific echosounder as the research vessel (Simrad EK500 operating at 38 and 120 kHz) and measured the density of krill along transect acoustically (g m⁻² wet mass) prior to the ship’s arrival. We hypothesised that if krill avoided the ship, perhaps in response to radiated noise, then the ship should detect less krill than the AUV which is known to have much lower noise levels than the ship. We were unable to detect any significant difference between the density of krill detected by the ship or the AUV, either at the transect level or at finer scales within transects. We conclude, therefore, that avoidance by krill of RRS James Clark Ross will not significantly bias acoustic estimates of krill abundance by this vessel.     

The U.S. Wholesale Market for Marine Ornamentals

The market for marine ornamentals encompasses all live marine species (fish and invertebrates) destined for the aquarium trade. In 1998, U.S. imports and exports were valued at approximately US $1.5 billion at the border (all dollar values cited in this paper are $US). In Florida, cultured freshwater and collected saltwater species accounted for $70 million and $4 million, respectively, in annual dockside revenue. To help explain Florida's marine landings and provide suggestions for future resource management and market campaigns that reflect the perceptions of the industry, a survey of wholesalers was initiated in 1999. Preliminary results indicate that there are several intermediate wholesale markets. Florida firms are closer to the supply as many also collect. Wholesalers in other states handle more freshwater product, are larger, and tend to import a larger share of their inventory. Consolidation is expected to continue, but niche markets for eco-friendly firms are expected to grow. In Florida, marketing strategies should focus on the observed higher survival rates and increasing supply of the popular invertebrate species. Many wholesalers are concerned about additional regulations that could reduce the number of collectors and thereby increase supply variability, a noted weakness of the Florida industry.     

The relationship between stock and catch and the effect of bait on catch as determined for a UK recreational catch and release fishery

Abstract Twelve anglers fishing in a UK navigation canal for a total of 42 h caught 567 fish, mainly gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.) ( n =306) and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) ( n =253) at an average catch rate of 13.4 fish angler-h⁻¹ or 128.5 g angler-h⁻¹. The species and size of fish caught were compared with the numbers determined by depletion estimates at six sections of canal using micromesh seine netting. Fifty four percent of fish caught in the net were < 60 mm FL. Gudgeon (60–99 mm) were over-represented in the anglers' catches whilst roach (60–99 mm) were under-represented. The size distribution of roach and gudgeon caught by anglers using two types of bait (small maggots and chironomid larvae) was examined and smaller fish were found to be caught using the latter.     

5个咖啡品种在保山市潞江坝干热河谷区生长及产量性状调查

对干热河谷地区潞江坝的5个基因型咖啡品种进行评价调查,在3年里记录各个品种的生长量,单株产量,鲜果千粒重,干果千粒重等并进行分析比较。为今后干热河谷地区的咖啡种植品种选择提供参考依据。